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Increasing tension between Julius Caesar and Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) after the death of Marcus Licinius Crassus soon degenerated into military conflict. With his hand considerably strengthened by his election as Dictator by the Senate in Rome, Caesar knew that power would only be a reality once he had militarily defeated Pompey. By August 49BC, Caesar had effectively destroyed Pompey's armies in Spain, but, by the time he had crossed the Adriatic pursuing him eastward, his forces were heavily outnumbered. Even with the reinforcements brought by Mark Antony, his attempt to crush Pompey by laying siege to Dyrrachium was unsuccessful and he eventually had to withdrew into Thessaly, with Pompey in pursuit.
The stage was set for the final clash of the two titans of the Roman world and the odds were heavily in Pompey's favour, with 45,000 men against Caesar's 22,000. However, the veteran legions loyal to Caesar were the best in the Roman army and the challenge he faced clearly stimulated Caesar's tactical genius for battle. Guessing that Pompey would attempt to overwhelm his right wing with his cavalry, he concealed elite cohorts of legionnaries behind his own heavily outnumbered horsemen with orders to fight at close quarters like pikemen. Caesar's predictions were correct and, far from overwhelming his exposed right flank, Pompey's left flank was routed, allowing Caesar to envelop and scatter the rest of his army.
Simon Sheppard expertly charts the events leading up to the Pharsalus campaign, the course of the battle itself and the seismic implications of this decisive clash between the two greatest generals of their age.
- Sales Rank: #309948 in Books
- Brand: Osprey
- Published on: 2006-09-26
- Released on: 2006-09-26
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.88" h x .24" w x 7.24" l, .69 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 96 pages
About the Author
Simon Sheppard is a graduate student of Political Science at John Hopkins University. He graduated with an MA Distinction from the University of Wellington and was winner of the Sir Desmond Todd Award for best thesis in a political subject. Simon Sheppard is a published author and has contributed a number of articles to leading journals, magazines and newspapers. The author lives in Baltimore, USA.
Most helpful customer reviews
11 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Exciting Look at a Key Moment in History
By R. A Forczyk
The great civil war between Pompey and Caesar still makes for interesting reading even two millennia later. In Pharsalus 48 BC, Osprey Campaign #174, author Si Sheppard presents a well-researched and insightful look at the campaign that decided the war in Caesar's favor. While the author's preference is to focus heavily on the political aspects of this struggle, military aspects of the campaign are thoroughly addressed. Pharsalus 48 BC is an exciting and erudite look at one of the key moments in history that helped to shape the Roman World and ultimately, our own.
The author begins this volume with a rather lengthy 10-page introduction that discusses the political strife and competitions in the late Roman Republic that were the basic causes of the Great Civil War between the factions of Pompey and Caesar. Although this introduction is informative and well-written, much of this material was covered in the Essential Histories volume #42 on the Civil War and is a bit too redundant for a campaign volume that is designed to focus more on the military aspects. The section on opposing commanders, 8 pages, is quite detailed and discusses not only Caesar and Pompey but provides capsule biographies on their key subordinates. On the other hand, the section on `Legions of the Late Republic' is a bit skimpy at 3 pages and rather over-generalized. This would have been the section to discuss order of battle (at least what is known) as well as cavalry tactics, which are often slighted in favor of talking about infantry tactics, but this section is rather more a discussion of the Marian-style army. There is no specific section on opposing plans in this volume, but that information is woven into the campaign narrative.
Pharsalus 48 BC includes five 2-D Maps (Caesar's five campaigns in the Mediterranean; Balkans theater of operations, January-April 48 BC; Battle of Dyrrachium, 10 July 48 BC; Balkans theater of operations, July-August 48 BC; Battle of Thapsus, 6 February 46 BC), three 3-D maps (Pharsalus: early morning, mid-morning, noon) and three battle scenes by Adam Hook (the collapse of Caesar's counterattack at Dyrrachium, 9 July 48 BC; the front line at Pharsalus; Caesar's reserves rout Pompey's cavalry). The author provides an excellent two-page bibliography that includes both scholarly and standard references.
The campaign narrative itself provides 21 pages on events leading up to the Battle of Pharsalus, 29 pages on the actual battle and about 9 on the aftermath. Overall, the author's battle narrative is well-written and coherent; he knows how to make the best use of ancient literary sources as well as modern archaeological studies to produce a smooth synthesis that makes military sense, unlike some authors who reduce the study of ancient military history to bickering with other scholars about various obscure and eclectic minutiae. I also found a certain level of political sarcasm interwoven into the text that made the characters seem more human hence, more interesting. Although the author does not always specify where he has crossed from fact to assumption in his narrative, this volume is certainly a cut well above most of Osprey's other ancient or medieval titles.
7 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Pharsalus 48 BC: The end of the Roman Republic
By D. C. Stolk
The Osprey title Pharsalus 48 BC, about the decisive battle fought between the 'Titans' of Roman history Ceasar and Pompey the Great, is a compact overview of this battle that ended the Roman Republic and paved the way for 'Ceasars' to start ruling the Roman empire in later years, and the campaign that led up to it from the start of the Civil War (Caesar's famous crossing of the Rubicon). It includes some great full color battle scenes by Adam Hook and general information about how this Civil War came to be, the opposing commanders and how the legions of the late republic were formed and equipped.
But while a good general history of the battle of Pharsalus, several annoying mistakes prevent this book from getting more than three stars.
Let's start off with a minor quibble, but on page 16, he uses the famous Latin quote Caesar is supposed to have used before he crossed the Rubicon: "Alea jaecta est" and translates it as: "let the die be cast" but this means "the die is cast" (while "Jacta alea esto" means "let the die be cast"). While the alternate version is that he used the Greek quote "aneristho kubos" or "let the die be thrown". Minor mistake, I agree, but other Latin sentences/quotes are given the same lackadaisical treatment, so therefore I point it out as an example.
Then, on page 33, he states about the speed of action of Caesar: "If Caesar's blitzkrieg was a natural extension of his tactics in Gaul his attitude in victory was entirely uncharacteristic". But if you do any reading about Caesar's Gallic Wars, you will find that he uses the same 'clementia' against the Celts: yes, he could be utterly ruthless and massacre an entire village that kept resisting, but more often than not he used the same 'forgive and forget' tactic against the Celtic tribes that rose up against him, even those that did this several times, so this wasn't 'uncharacteristic' at all. Also, his 'clementia' was an important part of his propaganda campaign (Pompey had the nickname 'the young butcher' early in his career); so if Caesar's legions had slaughtered their way through Italy, this would have turned the population against him.
Then on page 37, Sheppard states, after a mutiny had broken out, that: "Caesar had to resort to disbanding the veteran IX legion, ignoring the appeals of his men to reinstate it until after decimating the ringleaders". This is incorrect. Caesar announced to the men that he intended to decimate the IX Legion, and dishonorably discharge the rest from the army. When the soldiers begged for mercy, he relented, saying that only 120 ringleaders needed to draw lots to choose 12 men to be executed. So he never disbanded the legion. After this, the Ninth would fight with great distinction in the forthcoming campaign.
On page 68, Sheppard states: "The capacity for cavalry to punch through heavy infantry in such a scenario would require the invention of the stirrup". The fable of the need for a stirrup for cavalry to be able to punch through a mass of infantry has since long proven false. If the infantry keeps up a strong enough 'wall', no horse will crash into it; nor does the cavalry need a stirrup just to keep a firm seat, if they charge at the enemy (as many cavalry 'charges' before the invention of the stirrup have shown, and the right kind of saddle will do the same).
These are a couple of examples of incorrect information presented in this title; hence the three stars.
Also, as mentioned by other reviewers, but of course not the fault of the author: the 3-D battle maps are not very good and show little detail, which is made worse by the crease of the binder (Osprey, do something about this! This is a problem in other titles, but particularly annoying in this one!).
So, in general, a reasonable account of the battle of Pharsalus that's worth reading for people interested this particular part of Roman history. But be careful about some of the 'facts' that are presented in it.
For a more in-depth coverage of this period, including the battle of Pharsalus, I would recommend "Ceasar: Life of a colossus" by Adrian Goldsworthy (a biography about Ceasar), "In the name of Rome" by Adrian Goldworthy, which is a look at Rome's greatest 'generals' and at how and why they won their victories ('generals' covered include Ceasar and Pompey) and "Ceasar against Rome" by Ramon L. Jimenez (covers the four-year Roman Civil War that began with Ceasar's crossing of the Rubicon in 49 BCE).
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Roman vs. Roman
By Phil Historian
The Civil War in Rome between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great after Marcus Licinius Crassus was killed fighting the Parthians at Carrhae in 53 BC ( I am planning on writing a review of a book I bought on that for Christmas) is still a interesting event of military history to study today over two thousand years later. one of the largest battles occurred in August 48 BC in Greece at Pharsalus, a major victory for Caesar. Si Sheppard has done a very good account of this major battle of the Roman Civil War.
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